The Shape of a New Scientific Paradigm · KW Norton

Chapter 6

Entrainment and the skeptical theorist

Topological thinking and the quantum paradigm began for me as a different sort of seeing. Although a scientific paradigm can appear to come from nowhere, it arises in the creative imagination of independent human beings, often separated by time, place, and discipline. Once a different organization of the world has been seen, it cannot simply be unseen.

Early in such work, theorists are flying almost blind. The shapes they perceive do not fit the known, approved, accepted, proven science. The difficulty is not only lack of evidence. It is lack of language. The available terms belong to the world the new theory is trying to leave.

That is the incommensurable interval Thomas Kuhn described: not ordinary disagreement within a shared frame, but the period in which the old and new views do not yet divide the world in the same way.

In this set of theories, I found a different way of seeing the universe and a different account of how human beings fit within it. I was calmly writing yet another book when the shape began insisting upon a larger coherence. I happened to be working on the character of brain waves and brain structure when new information arrived: not proof, but another indication. Spiral and concentric waves had been measured on the folded human cortex.

Theorizing cannot be reduced to waiting for proof. If every uncompleted idea must stop until an experiment has already justified it, theory can never move ahead of the instruments built to test it. The creative work requires another discipline: the ability to remain with a form long enough to discover whether it can carry weight.

I call that state entrainment.

Entrainment is not exemption from skepticism. It is the condition in which the theorist comprehends an emerging structure with the whole mind and body while knowing that the research, language, and experiment may take years to catch up. It is trust without finality: the willingness to work within the incommensurable muteness of knowing while not knowing.

This manuscript was written mostly in that darkness. The shape had to survive my own attempts to break it. It had to carry through water without becoming water, through music without becoming metaphor, through Riemann without turning mathematics into substance, through membranes without reducing life to mechanics, and through the brain without mistaking a measured pattern for a completed explanation.

A theory strong enough to matter must withstand false assumptions, failed language, doubt, and correction. It must become clearer under pressure rather than merely more protected. The shape gathered here has survived a collection of books and inquiries that repeatedly gave it an opportunity to fail. It now deserves to stand plainly enough for others to test.